HOJO TOKIMUNE

born June 5, 1251, Kamakura, Japan died April 20, 1284, Kamakura young regent to the shogun (military dictator of Japan), under whom the country fought off two Mongol invasions, the only serious foreign threats to the Japanese islands before modern times. Tokimune was 17 when he assumed the office of regent in 1268, the year that the Mongol conqueror of China, Kublai Khan, sent a message demanding that Japan enter into a tributary relationship with the Mongols or face invasion. Although many in the government wished to compromise, Tokimune defiantly rejected the Mongol threat and sent soldiers to northwestern Kyushu in anticipation of an invasion. Some 25,000 mixed Mongol and Korean forces finally invaded in 1274. The small outer islands quickly fell to this force, but the main Japanese island was saved when a storm forced the Mongol fleet to return home. Tokimune then devoted all his resources to fortifying western Japan, including a seawall to obstruct landing. Early in the summer of 1281, approximately 140,000 Mongol, Chinese, and Korean troops assaulted the islands, where they faced the entire Japanese army. The hard-fought battle ended almost two months later when a typhoon (known in Japanese tradition as the kamikaze, or divine wind) destroyed many of the invaders' ships, making the survivors an easy target for the Japanese. It is thought that as many as 100,000 of the invaders may have perished. Tokimune rendered heroic service to his country, but the huge military expenditures necessary during this period weakened the shogunate, and the power of the Hojo family, which had dominated Japan since 1199, began to decline.