HORROR FILM

motion picture calculated to cause intense repugnance, fear, or dread. Horror films may incorporate incidents of physical violence and psychological terror; they may be studies of deformed, disturbed, psychotic, or evil characters; stories of terrifying monsters or malevolent animals; or mystery thrillers that use atmosphere to build suspense. The genre often overlaps science fiction films and film noir. In the earliest horror films, which were influenced by German expressionist cinema, the effect of horror was usually created by means of a macabre atmosphere and theme; The Student of Prague (1913), an early German film dealing with a dual personality, and The Golem (1914), based on the medieval Jewish legend of a clay figure that comes to life, were the first influential horror films. In the 1920s such German films as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), Nosferatu (the first filming of the Dracula story; 1922), and Waxworks (1924) were known throughout the world. In the United States a number of outstanding horror films were produced in the 1920s. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920) became a classic of the silent screen, and Lon Chaney terrified audiences as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). The Cat and the Canary (1927) was an atmospheric thriller set in a fog-shrouded house honeycombed with secret passages. The great popular success of Dracula (made in the United States in 1931), Frankenstein (1931), and The Mummy (1932) led to a long series of successful horror films including King Kong (1932) and The Black Cat (1934). Among some of the best-known horror classics of this period are The Werewolf of London (1935), The Wolf Man (1941), and Cat People (1942). The influence of science fiction can be seen in horror films of the 1950s that concerned monsters from other planets (The Thing, 1951) and mutations of ordinary animals (Them!, 1954). Japanese studios released monster films, such as Gojira (1954; U.S. title Godzilla, King of the Monsters, 1956) and Radon (1956; U.S. title Rodan, 1957), while British companies such as Hammer Studios shifted the emphasis from atmospheric terror to scenes of bloody violence in motion pictures such as The Curse of Frankenstein (1957) and The Horror of Dracula (1958). Sophisticated films of the mystery-thriller type such as Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) and Roman Polanski's Repulsion (1965) continued to be made. Over time the horror-film genre came to be represented by several subgenres, including films about the supernatural, such as The Exorcist (1973) and The Shining (1980); the psycho-slasher films, perhaps best represented by John Carpenter's Halloween (1978); and science-fiction thrillers, such as Ridley Scott's Alien (1979). The popularity of B-grade, low-budget horror films grew with the introduction in the 1970s of the videocassette and cable television.