HOWLER MONKEY

( genusAlouatta ) any of several tropical American monkeys noted for their roaring cries. Several species of howlers are widely distributed through Central and South America. These are the largest New World monkeys and generally attain lengths of about 4070 cm (1628 inches) excluding the 5075-cm (2030-inch) tail. Howlers are stoutly built, bearded monkeys with a hunched appearance and thickly furred, prehensile tails that are naked on the underside of the tip to afford a better grip. The hair is long and thick and, depending on species, is typically black, brown, or red. Howlers are characterized by expansion of the hyoid bone into a large, shell-like organ that communicates with the windpipe and gives resonance to the voice. In connection with the enlarged hyoid, howlers have a large throat, protruding jaws, and high, sloping faces. Howlers live in groups within territories whose boundaries are mapped out by howling matches with neighbouring clans. Their voices carry for 3 to 5 km (2 to 3 miles) and can be heard at dusk, dawn, and during rainstorms. Howlers are slow-moving monkeys that commonly sit on the topmost branches, rarely descending to the ground. They feed primarily on leaves. When on the move, howlers progress in orderly groups usually led by an old male. Births are usually single and occur at any time of year. Because of their diet, temperament, and other factors, howlers are difficult to maintain in captivity. The red howler (Alouatta seniculus) has the largest distribution, but it is heavily hunted in some areas for its meat. Other howler species are critically endangered within parts of their ranges. The Alouatta genus is one of several within the family Cebidae, found only in the New World.