IQBAL, SIR MUHAMMAD

also spelled Muhammad Ikbal born Nov. 9, 1877, Sialkot, Punjab, India [now in Pakistan] died April 21, 1938, Lahore, Punjab Indian poet and philosopher, known for his influential efforts to direct his fellow Muslims toward the establishment of a separate Muslim state, an aspiration that was eventually realized in the country of Pakistan. He was knighted in 1922. Additional reading Aspects of his thought are explored in K.G. Saiyidain, Iqbal's Educational Philosophy, 6th ed. rev. (1965), a standard analysis of the relevance of Iqbal's ideas about education written by a distinguished Indian educationist; Annemarie Schimmel, Gabriel's Wing, 2nd ed. (1989), a thorough analysis of Iqbal's religious symbolism, including a comprehensive bibliography in English; Syed Abdul Vahid, Iqbal: His Art and Thought, new ed. (1959), a standard introduction; Hafeez Malik (ed.), Iqbal, Poet-Philosopher of Pakistan (1971), representative Pakistani views; and S.M.H. Burney (S.M.H. Barni), Iqbal, Poet-Patriot of India (1987), focusing on nationalism and secularism in his poetry.