KASHGAR

WadeGiles romanization K'a-shih, Pinyin Kashi, oasis city in the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China. Kashgar lies at the far western end of the Tarim Basin, in a fertile oasis of loess (silt deposited by the wind) and alluvial soils watered by the K'a-shih-ka-erh (Kashgar) River and by a series of wells. The climate of the area is extremely arid, with variable rainfall averaging about 4 in. (100 mm) a year; most of the rain falls during the hot summer months. Average temperatures range from 21 F (-6 C) in January to 79 F (26 C) in July. Kashgar's historical importance has been primarily as a trading centre. Situated at the foot of the Pamirs (mountains), where the ranges of the Tien Shan and the Kunlun Mountains join, Kashgar commanded historic caravan routes to the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan (west), to Jammu and Kashmir (south), and to Urumchi and the I-li River valley (north). The Chinese first occupied Kashgar at the end of the 2nd century BC, taking it from the Yeh-chih people, who had been driven out of Kansu province Chinese control, however, did not survive the 1st century AD, when the Yeh-chih reoccupied the area. After complex waves of conquest by peoples from the north and east had swept over the area, the Chinese again conquered it during the late 7th and early 8th centuries under the T'ang dynasty (618907), but it was always on the farthest frontier of Chinese control. After 752 the Chinese were again forced to withdraw, and Kashgar was successively occupied by the Turks, the Uighurs (in the 10th and 11th centuries), the Kara-kitai (12th century), and then in 1219 by the Mongols, under whom the overland traffic between China and Central Asia flourished as never before. In the late 14th century Kashgar was sacked by Timur (Tumerlane), and in the next centuries it suffered many wars. It was finally reoccupied by the Ch'ing dynasty (16441911) in 1755. In the period from 1862 to 1875, Kashgar was first a centre of the Muslim Rebellion and then became the capital of the Muslim general Yakub Beg. Another Muslim rebellion, led by Ma Chung-ying, broke out in the area from 1928 to 1937, being finally suppressed by the provincial warlord Sheng Shih-ts'ai with Soviet aid. Control by the Chinese central government was not restored until 1943. The oasis is very fertile, growing wheat, corn (maize), barley, rice, beans, and a great deal of cotton. The oasis also produces fruit and is known for its melons, grapes, peaches, apricots, and cherries. There is some fishing in the rivers of the oasis. The oasis peoples engage in a variety of handicrafts; both cotton and silk textiles are produced, together with felts, rugs, furs, leatherware, and pottery. Some copper is produced in the area, which also ships wool, hides, and a variety of animal products to other parts of China. Pop. (1989 est.) 168,900.