KIESLOWSKI, KRZYSZTOF

born June 27, 1941, Warsaw, Pol. died March 13, 1996, Warsaw leading Polish director of documentaries, feature films, and television films of the 1970s, '80s, and '90s that explored the social and moral themes of contemporary times. Kieslowski graduated from the State Theatrical and Film College in Ldz, Poland, in 1968 and began his film career making documentaries, including one he had made for Polish television before graduating, Zdjecie (1968; The Photograph). His first significant film was Murarz (1973; The Bricklayer), the story of a political activist who becomes disenchanted with politics and returns to his former profession of bricklaying. Kieslowski made several notable documentaries during the 1970s, mostly for television, including Szpital (1976; Hospital), in which he employed a hidden camera to reveal problems within the Polish health care system. Blizna (1976; The Scar) was Kieslowski's first theatrical release and focused on management-labour relations within Polish industry. He came to worldwide attention with Amator (1979; Camera Buff), a satire on Polish bureaucracy and censorship. In 1984 he began a longtime writing collaboration with Krzysztof Piesiewicz on the film Bez konca (No End), the story of a dead lawyer who watches over his family as they continue with their lives. Kieslowski's mammoth Dekalog (1989; Decalogue), cowritten with Piesiewicz, is a series made for Polish television based on the Ten Commandments. One commandment is explored in each of the 10 hour-long episodes; the commandments are not identified so that the audience is invited to identify the moral or ethical conflict in the plot. The series was shown in its entirety as the centrepiece of the 1989 Venice Film Festival and is considered a modern masterpiece of cinema. With La double vie de Vronique (1991; The Double Life of Veronique) came commercial as well as critical success. This moody, atmospheric film is the study of two doppelgngers, one French, one Polish, who, in addition to sharing the same name, share the same birthday, heart condition, and a vague sense of the existence of the other. Cowritten with Piesiewicz, the film stars Irene Jacob in the dual roles. Kieslowski's next efforts, the Three Colours trilogy, represented the colours of the French flag: Bleu (1993; Blue), Rouge (1994; Red) and Blanc (1994; White); respectively, they explored the themes of liberty, fraternity, and equality. The films were released three months apart and, although each can stand on its own, they were designed to be seen as a single entity. Kieslowski periodically announced his retirement from filmmaking. However, at the time of his death, cowriter Piesiewicz claimed they were at work on a new trilogy of films to be titled Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory.