KOCHER, EMIL THEODOR

born Aug. 25, 1841, Bern, Switz. died July 27, 1917, Bern Kocher, c. 1900 Swiss surgeon who won the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on the thyroid gland. After qualifying in medicine at the University of Bern in 1865, Kocher studied in Berlin, London, Paris, and Vienna, where he was a pupil of Theodor Billroth. In 1872 he became professor of clinical surgery at Bern, remaining at the head of the surgical clinic for 45 years. There Kocher became the first surgeon to excise the thyroid gland in the treatment of goitre (1876). In 1883 he announced his discovery of a characteristic cretinoid pattern in patients after total excision of the thyroid gland; when a portion of the gland was left intact, however, there were only transitory signs of the pathological pattern. By 1912 he had performed 5,000 thyroid excisions and had reduced the mortality in such surgery from 18 percent to less than 0.5 percent. His other surgical contributions include a method for reducing dislocations of the shoulder and improvements in operations on the stomach, the lungs, the tongue, and the cranial nerves and for hernia. In surgical practice he adopted the principles of complete asepsis introduced by Joseph Lister. Kocher devised many new surgical techniques, instruments, and appliances. The forceps and incision (in gallbladder surgery) that bear his name remain in general use.