KOESTLER, ARTHUR

born Sept. 5, 1905, Budapest, Hung.death reported on March 3, 1983, London, Eng. Hungarian-born British novelist, journalist, and critic, best known for his novel Darkness at Noon (1940). Koestler attended the University of Vienna before entering journalism. Serving as a war correspondent for the British newspaper News Chronicle during the Spanish Civil War, Koestler was imprisoned by the fascists, an experience he recounted in Spanish Testament (1937). This experience and those leading to his break with the Communist Party are reflected in Darkness at Noon. Published in 30 languages, it is the penetrating story of an old-guard Bolshevik who, during Stalin's purge trials of the 1930s, first denies, then confesses to, crimes that he has not committed. Specifically dealing with the plight of an aging revolutionary who can no longer condone the excesses of the government he helped put in power, the novel is an examination of the moral danger inherent in a system that sacrifices means to an end. Koestler's other works of this period, during which he wrote most of his fiction, include The Gladiators (1939), a novel about the revolt against Rome led by the gladiator Spartacus; and Arrival and Departure (1943). These books deal with similar questions of morality and political responsibility. Koestler's essays are collected in The Yogi and the Commissar and Other Essays (1945) and in The God That Failed (1949; ed. R. Crossman), in which he wrote of his disillusionment with communism. From 1940 Koestler wrote in English. He became a British citizen in 1948. His last political novel, The Age of Longing (1951), examined the dilemma of Europe after World War II. Koestler took stock of his early life in the memoirs Arrow in the Blue (1952) and The Invisible Writing (1954). His later works were concerned with science, creativity, and mysticism. The Act of Creation (1964), perhaps the best-known book of his scientific and philosophical period, attempts to explain the processes underlying creativity in science and art. Other works of this period include The Lotus and the Robot (1960), an examination of Eastern mysticism; The Ghost in the Machine (1967), which discusses the effect of evolution on the structure of the human brain; and The Thirteenth Tribe (1976), a controversial study of the origins of the Jewish people. Bricks to Babel, a collection of his writings with new commentary by the author, appeared in 1981. In his later years, Koestler suffered from leukemia and Parkinson's disease. Believers in voluntary euthanasia, he and his wife Cynthia took their own lives.