KAMMERER, PAUL

(b. Aug. 17, 1880, Vienna, Austriad. Sept. 23, 1926, Puchberg, Ger.), Austrian biologist who claimed to have produced experimental evidence that acquired traits could be inherited. The results of Kammerer's experiments with salamanders and other amphibians were widely published in technical papers and books, the first of these appearing in 1904 and the last published posthumously in 1928. He claimed to have caused the offspring of the viviparous Alpine salamander to acquire certain characteristics of the spotted oviparous lowland salamander, and vice versa. Following a second series of experiments, Kammerer announced that he could make the male midwife toad, which lacks the thick pigmented thumb pads found in other toads, inherit such pads. The theory of acquired traits is not supported by science, and Kammerer's claim to have proved it met with a great deal of criticism. Kammerer was called upon to make his evidence available to other scientists for examination. In 1923 he lectured and presented his evidence at the University of Cambridge and before the Linnean Society of London. His major critic, William Bateson, attempted to discredit Kammerer's experiments, and, in 1926, when G.K. Noble and Hans Przibram observed the preserved amphibians, they found that the pads were artificially coloured with India ink. Kammerer claimed to have no knowledge of the use of India ink on his specimens, and evidence of the perpetrator was inconclusive. He committed suicide shortly after details of the controversy were published. At the time of his death Kammerer had accepted the position of professor of biology at Moscow University. His best-known publication, which was also little accepted in the scientific community, was Das Gesetz der Serie (1919; The Law of Seriality), an attempt to explain coincidence as the manifestation of a natural principle operating independently of known physical causation laws. Additional reading Arthur Koestler, The Case of the Midwife Toad (1971), studies Kammerer's case.