KAMMU

born 737, Nara, Japan died April 9, 806, Heian-kyo [now Kyoto] in full Kammu Tenno, personal name Yamanobe 50th emperor of Japan, who established the Japanese capital at Heian-kyo, where it remained until 1868. His accomplishments laid the basis for the Heian period (7941185). Enthroned in 781 as the emperor Kammu, he was one of the strongest rulers Japan had known for several centuries. When he assumed office, the Buddhist religious leaders, because of their immunity to taxation and their political ambitions, had grown so strong that they threatened the stability of the government. Kammu issued an edict that limited the construction of new Buddhist buildings, the entrance of people into monasteries, and the sale or donation of land to Buddhist institutions. Kammu, who himself was a devout Buddhist, supported the growth of two new Buddhist sects that opposed the older groups. The major problem facing the court, however, was the control of local officials. To prevent them from promoting their rank by falsifying their hereditary status, Kammu relied on genealogical charts. He also forbade the purchase of rank. On the northern frontier he reversed former military setbacks and succeeded in subduing the Ainu, a non-Mongoloid people of northern Honshu and Hokkaido. In an apparent attempt to escape the great monasteries around the old capital of Nara, or Heijo-kyo, Kammu in 784 moved the government about 30 miles (48 km) north to Nagaoka-kyo. Ten years later the costly work at the new capital was suddenly haltedpossibly because it was believed to be haunted by the malevolent spirit of Kammu's brother, the crown prince, who had starved to death after his banishmentand another new capital was built nearby. Situated on the Yodo River, where it was accessible to communications with coastal ports, the new city was named Heian-kyo (Capital of Peace and Tranquillity). In later years it became known as Kyoto (Capital). Modeled after Ch'ang-an, the capital of the Chinese Sui and T'ang dynasties, Heian-kyo was planned on a grand scale, with great thoroughfares and numerous intersecting streets and lanes. In the centre of the city, surrounded by a rectangular walled enclosure, were the palace buildings and government offices.