LATE BLIGHT

disease of potato and tomato plants that is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. The disease occurs in humid regions with temperature ranges of between 40 and 80 F (4 and 29 C); hot, dry weather checks its spread. Potato or tomato vines that are infected may rot within two weeks. The Irish potato famines of the mid-19th century were caused by late blight. The disease destroyed more than half of the tomato crop in the eastern United States in 1946, leading to the establishment of a blight-forecasting service in 1947. When plants have become infected, lesions (round or irregularly shaped areas that range in colour from dark green to purplish black and resemble frost injury) appear on the leaves, petioles, and stems. A whitish growth of spore-producing structures may appear at the margin of the lesions on the underleaf surfaces. Potato tubers develop rot up to 15 millimetres (0.6 inch) deep. Secondary fungi and bacteria (Erwinia species) often invade potato tubers and produce rotting that results in great losses during storage, transit, and marketing. The Phytophthora fungus survives in stored tubers, dump piles, field plants, and greenhouse tomatoes. Sporangia are airborne to nearby plants, in which infection may occur within a few hours. At temperatures below 59 F (15 C) sporangia germinate by producing zoospores that encyst and later form a germ tube. Above that temperature most sporangia produce a germ tube directly. Foliage blighting and a new crop of sporangia are produced within four to six days after infection. The cycle is repeated as long as cool, moist weather prevails.