LILIALES

lily order of the monocotyledonous flowering plants, a division of the subclass Liliidae. The order is a vast assemblage of plants whose flowers usually have three petals and three sepalsthe sepals usually resembling the petals in shape and colourand whose leaves are generally linear or strap-shaped with parallel veins. Within this large order, exemplified by the lily, are more than 400 genera and 8,000 species, including erect perennial herbs, climbers, shrubs, and a few trees. The group contains many common garden plants and vegetables, such as the lily, hyacinth, narcissus, amaryllis, asparagus, onion, and yam. Other economically important members include the agaves, fibre crop plants; Colchicum, from which the drug colchicine is extracted; and Smilax, from which the flavouring sarsaparilla is derived. Liliidae Liliuokalani born Sept. 2, 1838, Honolulu, Hawaii died Nov. 11, 1917, Honolulu original name Lydia Kamakaeha, also called Lydia Liliuokalani Paki or Liliu Kamakaeha first and only reigning Hawaiian queen and the last Hawaiian sovereign to govern the islands, which were annexed by the United States in 1898. Lydia Kamakaeha was of a high-ranking family. Her mother, Keohokalole, was an adviser of King Kamehameha III. Reared in the missionary tradition deemed appropriate for Hawaiian princesses, she received a thoroughly modern education, which was augmented by a tour of the Western world. After a time as a member of the court of Kamehameha IV, she was married in September 1862 to John Owen Dominis, son of a Boston sea captain and himself an official in the Hawaiian government. In 1874 her brother David Kalakaua was chosen king, and in 1877, on the death of a second brother, W.P. Leleiohoku, who was heir apparent, she was named heir presumptive. She was known from that time by her royal name, Liliuokalani. Over the next 14 years she established herself firmly in that role. She served as regent during King Kalakaua's world tour in 1881, and she was active in organizing schools for Hawaiian youth. During a world tour in 1887 she was received by U.S. President Grover Cleveland and by England's Queen Victoria. On the death of King Kalakaua in January 1891 Liliuokalani ascended the throne, becoming the first woman ever to occupy it. Liliuokalani regretted the loss of power the monarchy had suffered under Kalakaua and tried to restore something of the traditional autocracy to the Hawaiian throne. She had earlier made her position clear by opposing the renewed Reciprocity Treaty of 1887, signed by Kalakaua, granting privileged commercial concessions to the United States and ceding to them the port of Pearl Harbor. This attitude forever alienated her from Hawaii's haoleforeign businessmenwho, after her accession, tried to abrogate her authority. Led by Sanford Dole, the Missionary Party asked for her abdication in January 1893 and, declaring the queen deposed, announced the establishment of a provisional government pending annexation by the United States. To avoid bloodshed, Liliuokalani surrendered, but she appealed to President Cleveland to reinstate her. Cleveland ordered the queen restored, but Dole defied the order, claiming that Cleveland did not have the authority to interfere. In 1895 an insurrection in the queen's name, led by royalist Robert Wilcox, was suppressed by Dole's group, and Liliuokalani was kept under house arrest on charges of treason. On January 24, 1895, to win pardons for her supporters who had been jailed following the revolt, she agreed to sign a formal abdication. As head of the Oni pa'a (Stand Firm) movement, whose motto was Hawaii for the Hawaiians, Liliuokalani fought bitterly against annexation of the islands by the United States. Annexation nonetheless occurred in July 1898. In that year she published Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen and composed Aloha Oe, a song ever afterward beloved in the islands. Thereafter she withdrew from public life, enjoying a government pension and the homage of islanders and visitors alike.