LIMBURG

provincie, southeastern Netherlands. It is bounded on the northwest by Noord-Brabant provincie, on the north by Gelderland provincie, on the east by Germany, and on the south and southwest by the Belgian provinces of Limburg and Lige. It is drained by the Geul, Gulp, Roer, and Maas (Meuse) rivers, the latter forming part of the province's southwestern boundary and bisecting its northern portion. Formerly part of the duchy of Limburg, which was divided in 1648 between the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Spanish Netherlands, the area was united in 1815 to the Kingdom of The Netherlands. The Dutch-Belgian treaty of 1839 divided the territory into the Dutch and Belgian provinces of Limburg. The province's hilly southern part, extending to Sittard, is a loess-covered rock plateau with a coalfield under some parts. Wheat, rye, sugar beets, and fruit are cultivated, and there is some dairy farming. Until the early 1970s, coal mining was important around Heerlen, Kerkrade, and Geleen; Bonn and Stein are river ports. Maastricht, the provincial capital, is the chief industrial centre. In the sandy regions of the rest of the province, farming is mostly mixed, although there is more arable land (mostly producing rye). Pigs and poultry production are also important, and there is market gardening around Venlo. Industry is mainly concentrated around the larger centres, such as Roermond, Sittard, Venlo, and Weert, and includes the manufacture of light metals, clothing, hosiery, and chemicals. East of the Maas, between Venlo and Roermond, is an important brickmaking and tile-making district. Area 838 square miles (2,170 square km). Pop. (1990 est.) 1,103,960. historic region of the Low Countries that was one of many small states resulting from the division of the duchy of Lower Lorraine in the second half of the 11th century. The name Limburg was finally applied when the rival houses of Limburg (heirs of the first count, Walram of Arlon) and Louvain made peace in 1155. The territory along the Meuse River became known as Limburg, and the much larger territory to the west became known as Brabant. The direct male line of the house of Arlon continued to rule Limburg until 1282. When war broke out between Count Reinald of Guelders (who had married into the rights of Limburg) and Adolph V of Berg (who had been granted those same rights by the Holy Roman emperor), Adolph was not strong enough to contest his rights militarily and sold them to John I of Brabant. After five years of war against Reinald and his ally, John was victorious. Limburg was united with Brabant under his rule but maintained its separate institutions and laws. In 1430 the duchy of Limburg was united with the rest of the Netherlands under Philip III, duke of Burgundy. As a part of the Burgundian inheritance, Limburg passed to the house of Habsburg in 1482. With the Peace of Westphalia (1648), Limburg was divided in twothe northern part being ceded by Spain to the United Provinces of the Netherlands. In 1714, when the Peace of Rastatt was effected, the southern part of Limburg passed to the Austrian Habsburgs and formed part of the Austrian Netherlands until the French conquest in 1795. While under French rule, Limburg became a section of two dpartements, Ourthe and Meuse-Inferieure. Its name was restored in 1815 when it, with a few additions, formed a province of the new Kingdom of The Netherlands. The territory was traded off several times in the ensuing diplomatic discussions between The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. In 1866 Limburg was finally integrated into The Netherlands. French Limbourg, province, northeastern Belgium. It is bounded by The Netherlands on the north and east, where the Meuse River marks the frontier. Limburg consists of three administrative arrondissements (Hasselt, Maaseik, and Tongeren). Largely Flemish-speaking, it was formerly part of the feudal duchy of Limburg, which was divided between Belgium and The Netherlands in 1839. The Kempen heathland in the north is characterized by gentle eminences of sand dune and moor separated by shallow marshy depressions, with pine plantations covering about one-quarter of the surface. In some areas the soil has been fertilized to produce rye, oats, potatoes, vegetables, and fodder; livestock also are raised. Rich coalfields in the Kempen have been developed since World War I, producing much of Belgium's coal. Zinc and other nonferrous refineries, chemical works, and glassworks are located on isolated heathland sites, and there is diversified industry around Hasselt (q.v.), the capital. The construction of the Albert Canal (193039) from Antwerp to Lige also stimulated the economic growth of this formerly poor region. The Demer Valley at the southern edge of the Kempen supports dairy farming and, along its margin, prosperous market gardening. In the southern part of Limburg, sandy loams of the northern Hesbaye Plateau support fruit, grains, sugar beets, and vegetables. Industries of the region are related to agriculturesugar refining and food processing. Limburg's principal population centres are Genk (q.v.), Maaseik, and Tessenderloo in the Kempen; Hasselt; and Sint-Truiden and Tongeren (q.v.) in the Hesbaye. The province is served by the Albert, Schelde-Meuse Junction, and Zuidwillemsvaart canals and by several railway lines. There are also several natural reserves in the Kempen region. Area 935 square miles (2,422 square km). Pop. (1991) 750,435.