LITHUANIA, FLAG OF

horizontally striped yellow-green-red national flag. It has a width-to-length ratio of 1 to 2. The coins and seals of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great (reigned 13921430) displayed the figure of a knight on horseback raising his sword. This design supposedly dated back to Grand Duke Gediminas (131641), founder of the Lithuanian state. The coat of arms of Lithuania, a red shield with a knight and horse in white, continued in use even after the country lost its independence. The knight in the coat of arms holds a shield with a double-barred cross, commemorating the conversion to Catholicism of Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, who later became King Wladyslaw II Jagiello of Poland. His conversion probably occurred in 1386 when he married Queen Hedwig of Poland whose father, King Louis I of Hungary, used the cross as a symbol. When Lithuania regained its independence from Germany on February 16, 1918, the old red heraldic banner with the knight was revived. Later it served as the official state flag; on the reverse were the white stylized gates known as the Columns of Gediminas. The flag was too complex to be practical as a regular national flag, however. Consequently, a simple tricolour, first flown on November 11, 1918, was officially adopted on August 1, 1922. After years of Soviet rule under a modified version of the Red Banner, the tricolour was reestablished on March 20, 1989, a year before Lithuania proclaimed its independence from the U.S.S.R. The yellow-green-red stripes of this flag were attributed symbolism relating to the national traditions of the Lithuanian people. Ripening wheat and freedom from want are suggested by the yellow, and green is for hope and the forests of the nation. Red stands for love of country, for sovereignty, and for the courage and valour that keep the flame of liberty burning. Whitney Smith