LOSCHMIDT, JOSEPH

born May 15, 1821, Putschin, Bohemia, Austrian Empire [now in Czech Republic] died July 8, 1895, Vienna, Austria in full Johann Joseph Loschmidt German chemist who made advances in the study of aromatic hydrocarbons. The son of poor peasants, Loschmidt gained an education through the help of his village priest, and by 1839 he was a student at the German University in Prague. Moving to Vienna in 1841, he completed his university studies in 1843 but was unable to obtain a teaching post. His attempts to succeed in business ended in bankruptcy in 1854, and he decided to return to his studies in the natural sciences. In 1856 Loschmidt qualified as a teacher and obtained a post at the Vienna Realschule. He turned to research in chemistry and theoretical physics and soon began publishing scientific papers. He was appointed an assistant professor of physical chemistry at the University of Vienna in 1868 and went on to become an important figure in Vienna's scientific community. Loschmidt was the first to use double and triple lines to graphically represent the double and triple bonds in organic molecules. He recognized that most aromatic compounds (i.e., aromatic hydrocarbons, so called because they were obtained from pleasantly fragrant substances) could be derived from benzene by replacing one or more hydrogen substituents by other atoms or groups. The term aromatic thus came to be applied to any hydrocarbon that has the benzene ring as part of its structure, regardless of the question of aroma. Loschmidt was the first to state that in alcohols containing several OH groups, each OH group is attached to a different carbon atom. He partly explained the structures of several organic and inorganic compounds, among them benzene, toluene, and ozone, and he also recognized that an element could have several valences. Loschmidt made perhaps the first accurate calculations of the size of air molecules and of the number of molecules in a gram-mole (the quantity now commonly called the Avogadro constant). He arrived at a size of somewhat less than 10-7 cm for the diameter of the molecules in air, which is relatively close to the accepted figure of 0.5 10-7 cm.