LOUIS X

born Oct. 4, 1289, Paris died June 5, 1316, Vincennes, Fr. byname Louis The Stubborn, French Louis Le Hutin Capetian king of France from 1314 and king of Navarre from 1305 to 1314, who endured baronial unrest that was already serious in the time of his father, Philip IV the Fair. The eldest son of Philip and Joan of Navarre, he took the title of king of Navarre on his mother's death (April 4, 1305). But when he succeeded his father as king of France (Nov. 30, 1314), he resigned Navarre to his next brother, the future Philip V of France. In 1305 Louis married Margaret, daughter of Robert II, duke of Burgundy; in the last months of Philip IV's reign, she was convicted of adultery and was later strangled in prison (1315). Louis then married (July 1315) Clmence, daughter of Charles I, of Hungary. Louis's main policies were designed to allay baronial discontent and to gain support and money for a projected campaign against Flanders. Charters were granted to groups of nobles in almost every province of France. Louis bought the support of the clergy by similar means; but whereas they gained for the church some real privileges, the use of ambiguous formulas made the baronial charters virtually worthless. Louis also sold the serfs their liberty, the beginning of the eventual end of serfdom. Louis restored the office of chancellor and dismissed and imprisoned many of his father's unpopular ministers and advisers, among them Enguerrand de Marigny. Louis's posthumous son, John I, lived only five days and was succeeded by Louis's brother Philip V.