LUTYENS, SIR EDWIN (LANDSEER)

born March 29, 1869, London, Eng. died Jan. 1, 1944, London English architect noted for his versatility and range of invention along traditional lines. He is known especially for his planning of New Delhi and his design of the Viceroy's House there. After studying at the Royal College of Art, London, he was articled in 1887 to a firm of architects but soon left to set up in practice on his own. In his early works (188895) he assimilated the traditional forms of local Surrey buildings. Lutyens' style changed when he met the landscape gardener Gertrude Jekyll, who taught him the simplicity of intention and directness of purpose she had learned from John Ruskin. At Munstead Wood, Godalming, Surrey (1896), Lutyens first showed his personal qualities as a designer. This house, balancing the sweep of the roof with high buttressed chimneys and offsetting small doorways with long strips of windows, made his reputation. A brilliant series of country houses followed in which Lutyens adapted varied styles of the past to the demands of contemporary domestic architecture. About 1910 Lutyens' interest shifted to larger, civil projects, and in 1912 he was selected to advise on the planning of the new Indian capital at Delhi. His plan, with a central mall and diagonal avenues, may have owed something to Pierre-Charles L'Enfant's plan for Washington, D.C., and to Christopher Wren's plan for London after the Great Fire, but the total result was quite different: a garden-city pattern, based on a series of hexagons separated by broad avenues with double lines of trees. In his single most important building, the Viceroy's House (191330), he combined aspects of classical architecture with features of Indian decoration. Lutyens was knighted in 1918. After World War I Lutyens became architect to the Imperial War Graves Commission, for which he designed the Cenotaph, London (191920); the Great War Stone (1919); and military cemeteries in France. His vast project for the Roman Catholic cathedral at Liverpool was incomplete at his death.