MACKINNON, CATHARINE A.

born Oct. 7, 1946, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S. in full Catharine Alice MacKinnon American feminist and professor of law, a controversial but influential legal theorist whose work primarily took aim at sexual harassment and pornography. MacKinnon, like her mother and grandmother before her, attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, graduating with a B.A. in government in 1969. In addition, she earned a J.D. (1977) from Yale Law School in New Haven, Connecticut, and a doctorate in political science (1987), also at Yale. While in graduate school she organized a course to be taught in Yale's women's studies program. During this time she opposed the war in Vietnam, studied martial arts, worked with the Black Panthers, and became involved in the birth of the women's liberation movement. In 1974, while still in law school, MacKinnon became interested in an early case involving sexual harassment and put together an argument to bolster the legal claim of the woman at the centre of the case. That argumentthat sexual harassment in the workplace is also sex discrimination and therefore a violation of federal lawgrew into MacKinnon's first book, Sexual Harassment of Working Women (1978). In 1986 the Supreme Court, hearing its first sexual harassment case, agreed with MacKinnon's argument by ruling unanimously that sexual harassment is sex discrimination. During the 1980s MacKinnon served as visiting professor at a number of major American law schools, including those at the University of Chicago and Harvard, Stanford, and Yale universities, before becoming tenured at the University of Michigan's law school. She turned her attention to legal and societal issues surrounding pornography, which she condemned as a form of sex discrimination that fosters and somewhat legitimizes the exploitation and abuse of women. Pornography and Civil Rights (1988), written with Andrea Dworkin, Feminism Unmodified (1987), Toward a Feminist Theory of State (1989), Only Words (1993), and In Harm's Way: The Pornography of Civil Rights Hearings (1998) defined her position and promulgated her arguments against sexual harassment, the male bias of the law, and pornography. Many of her positions met with protest and opposition. However, she became an influential feminist legal theorist, helping to transform American legal education by adding feminist legal theory to the law school curriculum.