MADISON, JAMES

born March 16 [March 5, Old Style], 1751, Port Conway, Va. died June 28, 1836, Montpelier, Va., U.S. James Madison, detail of an oil painting by Asher B. Durand, 1833; in the collection of The fourth president of the United States (180917) and one of the founding fathers of his country. At the Constitutional Convention (1787) he influenced the planning and ratification of the U.S. Constitution and collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in the publication of The Federalist Papers. As a member of the new House of Representatives, he sponsored the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights. He was secretary of state under President Thomas Jefferson when the Louisiana Territory was purchased from France. The War of 1812 was fought during his presidency. Additional reading William T. Hutchinson et al. (eds.), The Papers of James Madison, 17 vol. (196291), is the most extensive collection of Madison's writings, annotated and with background notes. Gaillard Hunt (ed.), The Writings of James Madison, 9 vol. (190010), comprises Madison's public papers and private correspondence, and Hunt also edited The Journal of the Debates in the Convention Which Framed the Constitution of the United States, MaySeptember 1787, As Recorded by James Madison, 2 vol. (1908), which is the only continuous and an almost exhaustive record of that convention. James Morton Smith (ed.), The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 17761826, 3 vol. (1995), includes more than 1,200 letters detailing their friendship. A valuable briefer presentation of this subject is Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (1950, reprinted 1987).Madison's life is most competently and exhaustively treated by Irving Brant, James Madison, 6 vol. (194161), which sets out to counter the hitherto prevailing misrepresentation of the Madison and Jefferson administrations and particularly the derogation of Madison relative to Jefferson; Brant's The Fourth President (1970) selectively condenses the multivolume work into a single volume. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison (1971, reprinted 1990), is also good. Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (1989), tells about the man after his presidential career.The following works discuss and evaluate Madison's political career and administrations: the first section of John Quincy Adams, The Lives of James Madison and James Monroe, Fourth and Fifth Presidents of the United States (1850); William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, 3 vol. (185968, reprinted 1970), concentrating on the period from the American Revolution until 1797; Sydney Howard Gay, James Madison (1884, reissued 1983), covering up to 1797; William Lee Miller, The Business of May Next: James Madison and the Founding (1992), detailing the period from 1784 to 1791; and Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (1990), focusing on the War of 1812.Madison's political philosophy is analyzed in Stuart G. Brown, The First Republicans: Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison (1954, reprinted 1976), a work concerned with Madison, Monroe, and Jefferson and the development of the essential partisan ideas that bound together the republican faction; Irving Brant, James Madison and American Nationalism (1968), an account of Madison's role in the formation and development of U.S. institutions against the background of the popular attitude, with corroboratory documentary readings; Lance Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (1995), explaining Madison's views on national government; and Richard K. Matthews, If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason (1995), contending that Madison followed liberal political beliefs. Irving Brant The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica