MALONE, EDMUND

born Oct. 4, 1741, Dublin, Ire. died 1812, London, Eng. Irish-born English scholar, editor, and pioneer in efforts to establish an authentic text and chronology of Shakespeare's works. After practicing in Ireland as a lawyer and journalist, Malone settled in London in 1777. There he numbered among his literary friends Samuel Johnson, Horace Walpole, and the ballad collector Bishop Percy. He also was an associate of the statesmen Edmund Burke and George Canning and of the dean of English painters, Sir Joshua Reynolds, who painted his portrait and whose literary works he collected and published (1797). Malone's An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in Which the Plays of Shakespeare Were Written (1778) was the first such chronology. His three supplemental volumes (178083) to scholar George Steevens' edition of Johnson's Shakespearecontaining apocryphal plays, textual emendations, and the first critical edition of the sonnetsare landmarks in Shakespearean studies. Malone's Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the English Stage, and of the Economy and Usages of the Ancient Theatres in England (1800) was the first treatise on English drama based on original sources. His own edition of Shakespeare in 11 volumes appeared in 1790. A new octavo edition, unfinished at his death, was completed by James Boswell, the son of Samuel Johnson's biographer, and published in 1821 in 21 volumes. This work, which included a memoir of Malone, was the standard edition of Shakespeare's writings for more than a century. Malone also detected (1796) Shakespearean forgeries by William Henry Ireland, edited John Dryden's prose (1800), and helped the aging Boswell revise his Life of Samuel Johnson.