MARCO POLO BRIDGE INCIDENT

(July 7, 1937), conflict between Chinese and Japanese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge outside of Peiping (now Peking), which developed into the warfare between the two countries that was the prelude to the Pacific side of World War II. In 1931 Japan occupied the former northeastern Chinese region of Manchuria (Northeast Provinces) and established the puppet state of Manchukuo, spending large sums to develop the region's industry. This violation of China's territorial integrity produced a growing anti-Japanese movement in China. By 1937 this movement had grown so strong that the Chinese Communists and Nationalists agreed to end their civil war and form a United Front against further Japanese aggression. On the night of July 7, 1937, a small Japanese force on maneuvers near the Marco Polo Bridge demanded entry to the tiny walled town of Wan-p'ing in order to search for one of their soldiers. The Chinese garrison in the town refused the Japanese entry; a shot was heard; and the two sides began firing. The Chinese government, under strong anti-Japanese pressure, refused to make any concessions in the negotiation of the dispute. The Japanese, although not wanting to be involved in a land war in China that could leave them vulnerable to Soviet forces in the north, also maintained their position, fearing the new Chinese United Front and the growing anti-Japanese movement. As a result, the conflict, which no one seemed to desire, continued to grow. As the fighting spread to central China, the Japanese scored successive victories. Under mounting public pressure not to retreat, the Japanese government decided to seek a quick victory in China, and the two sides plunged into what was to become World War II.