MARTIN, ANNE HENRIETTA

born Sept. 30, 1875, Empire City, Nev., U.S. died April 15, 1951, Carmel, Calif. American reformer who was an ardent feminist and pacifist in the early 20th century. Martin attended Whitaker's School for Girls in Reno, Nevada, and the University of Nevada (B.A., 1894). She then enrolled in Stanford (California) University, taking a second B.A. in 1896 and an M.A. in history in 1897. From 1897 to 1899 she headed the new history department at the University of Nevada. After two years of additional study at Columbia University and Chase's Art School in New York City, and the Universities of London and Leipzig, Germany, Martin returned to the University of Nevada as an instructor of art history. She resigned in 1903, and following a period devoted to family business she spent several years in travel and study in Asia and Europe. In November 1910 she was arrested in a pro-suffrage demonstration in England. The following year she returned to Nevada, and in 1912 she became president of the state Equal Franchise Society. The campaign she headed succeeded in November 1914 with the legislature's approval of woman suffrage. The Equal Franchise Society thereupon became the Nevada Woman's Civic League, of which Martin continued as president. She served also on the Nevada Educational Survey Commission. On the national stage Martin sat on the executive committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and in 1917 she became the first national chairwoman of Alice Paul's militant National Woman's Party. In 1918 and 1920 she ran on an independent ticket for a U.S. Senate seat from Nevada, but her pacifismshe had joined the Woman's Peace Party organized by Jane Addams and Carrie Chapman Catt in 1915 and was strongly opposed to U.S. involvement in the First, and later the Second, World Warwas one of several unpopular stands that led to her defeat. Nonetheless, in both elections Martin attracted some 20 percent of the popular vote. She remained an active member of the National Woman's Party until the later 1920s and was one of its most vehement spokespersons against women's joining the established, male-dominated political parties. In 1926 Martin became active in the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom: she was a national board member (192636), director of the U.S. section's western region (192631), and a delegate to congresses in Dublin (1926) and Prague (1929). She left the organization in 1936 in protest against its lack of commitment to feminist goals. Throughout her career as a reformer she was a frequent contributor of articles and poems to leading magazines and journals.