MEHMED III

born 1566, Manisa, Ottoman Empire died Dec. 22, 1603, Constantinople Ottoman sultan (15951603) whose reign saw a long and arduous conflict with Austria and serious revolts in Anatolia. At the outset of Mehmed's reign, the war against Austria, already in progress for two years, was accelerated by an alliance between Austria and the Danubian principalities of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Walachia. Following the Ottoman loss of Gran (Esztergom, Hung.) in 1595 to the Christian allies, Mehmed himself participated in the campaign of 1596, which saw the Ottoman conquest of Erlau (Eger) and victory at Hachova (Mezo-Kersztes). In 1601, following a continuous war of sieges, the Ottomans took the fortress of Kanizsa. Meanwhile, in Anatolia, the decline of Ottoman institutions, particularly the land-tenure system, resulted in extensive revolts by the sipahiyan (cavalry based on quasi-feudal land units) and by the peasants, who were oppressed by taxes. While the Ottoman government struggled to suppress these revolts, war with Iran broke out in 1603.