MIDGLEY, THOMAS, JR.

born May 18, 1889, Beaver Falls, Pa., U.S. died Nov. 2, 1944, Worthington, Ohio American engineer and chemist who discovered the effectiveness of tetraethyl lead as an antiknock additive for gasoline. The son of an immigrant inventor from London, Midgley grew up in Pennsylvania and Ohio and graduated from Cornell University (1911). He held various jobs before joining the research staff of the Dayton (Ohio) Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco) in 1916. He served as vice president of the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation from 1923, vice president of Kinetic Chemicals, Inc., from 1930, and director of the Ethyl-Dow Chemical Company from 1933. From 1940 to 1944 he was a director and vice president of the Ohio State University Research Foundation. He also served as head of one branch of the National Defense Research Committee during World War II. Midgley's research on the problem of engine knock made him a pioneer in the study of internal combustion, and in 1921 he discovered tetraethyl lead. His investigation of problems arising from the use of lead additives led him to the demonstration that bromine could be extracted from seawater. During World War I Midgley also developed the control systems for the aerial torpedo, a propeller-driven device somewhat like the buzz bomb of World War II. His search for a nontoxic, nonflammable refrigerant culminated within three days in his discovery of dichlorodifluoromethane, which was commercially introduced under the trade name Freon-12. Freon-12 and several related compounds came into universal use as refrigerants and later found wide application as aerosol propellants. Midgley conducted extensive research on the composition of natural and synthetic rubbers and discovered one of the first catalysts for cracking (breaking down) hydrocarbons.