MOBIUS, KARL AUGUST

born Feb. 7, 1825, Eilenburg, Prussia died April 26, 1908, Berlin, Ger. German zoologist who is chiefly known for his contributions to marine biology. Mbius was trained for elementary teaching at a private college in Eilenburg, and from 1844 to 1849 he taught at Seesen in the Harz Mountains. He went to the University of Berlin to study in the natural sciences under Johannes Muller (184953), then took up teaching again at the Johanneum Grammar School in Hamburg. There his continuing studies in the natural sciences gained him a reputation that led to a post at the Hamburg Museum of Natural History. Mbius' research on corals and foraminiferans (i.e., protozoans of the rhizopodan order Foraminiferida) led to the discovery of symbiosis in marine invertebrates. He also proved that Eozoon canadense, long thought to be a species of living marine organisms, was actually an aggregate of minerals. Interested in fishery biology, Mbius investigated mussel and oyster breeding as well as the artificial cultivation of pearls. Mbius helped to develop various impressive zoological collections. In 1863 he cofounded the Hamburg Zoo and was chief designer of Germany's first public aquarium. While professor of zoology at the University of Kiel, he created a museum for its zoological institute (1881), which became a model for such establishments for years to come. Later, as director of the newly founded Natural History Museum in Berlin (1887), Mbius succeeded in setting the groundwork for its large and impressive collection. His Fauna der Kieler Bucht, 2 vol. (186572; Fauna of Kiel Bay), established an important methodology for modern ecology and helped secure his own appointment to the University of Kiel.