MONIER, JOSEPH

born 1823, France died 1906, Paris French gardener, one of the principal inventors of reinforced concrete. Monier, a commercial gardener, experimented with iron-wire reinforcement for his cement and concrete tubs and basins. He patented the idea in 1867 and exhibited his invention the same year at the Paris Exposition. It soon occurred to him, as it did to Franois Hennebique, to extend its application to other engineering structures, such as railway ties (sleepers), to pipes, and to floors, arches, and bridges. He was not the first to conceive the combination of metal wires or rods embedded in concrete, but, despite his lack of technical training, he showed a remarkable intuitive grasp of the new material. In Monier's patented designs the basic principle of reinforced-concrete structural members was clearly established: the concrete slab or girder took most of the compressive forces, and the embedded metal wire took most of the tensile forces. The two elements acted as a unit; and although it was many years before the theoretical basis for the new material could be laid, structural applications multiplied rapidly, especially in Europe.