MONTALEMBERT, MARC-REN, MARQUIS DE

born July 16, 1714, Angoulme, France died March 29, 1800, Paris French general and military engineer who replaced the complex star-shaped fortresses sponsored by Sbastien de Vauban with a simplified polygonal structure that became the standard European fortification system of the early 19th century. Montalembert entered the French army in 1732 and served in the War of the Polish Succession (173338), the War of the Austrian Succession (174048), and the Seven Years' War (175663). He began to elaborate his ideas on the design of fortifications during the early 1750s. Viewing fortresses as nothing more than immense permanent batteries designed to pour overwhelming fire on attacking armies, Montalembert simplified the intricate geometric designs of Vauban and relied on simple polygonal structures, often with detached peripheral forts instead of projecting bastions. The fortifications at Anklam, Stralsund, Aix-en-Provence, and le d'Olron were among his most prominent creations; but the conservative French engineer corps of the ancien rgime resisted his innovations and refused him permission to publish his theories. Finally, in 177678 the first edition of his La Fortification perpendiculaire (Perpendicular Fortification) appeared. He emigrated for a time after the French Revolution of 1789 but returned to France and became a consultant to Lazare Carnot, the renowned military engineer and Revolutionary leader. Thereafter, Montalembert's system was widely copied and soon prevailed throughout Europe.