MORGENSTERN, CHRISTIAN

born May 6, 1871, Munich, Ger. died March 31, 1914, Meran, South Tirol, Austria-Hungary [now Merano, Italy] German poet and humorist whose work ranged from the mystical and personally lyrical to nonsense verse. Morgenstern had studied law at the universities of Breslau and Berlin when in 1893 he was diagnosed as having pulmonary tuberculosis, from which he ultimately died. He left school to travel and lived for a time in Norway, where he translated Henrik Ibsen's verse dramas with the collaboration of the author and also translated plays by such other Scandinavian playwrights as B.M. Bjrnson, Knut Hamsun, and August Strindberg. Morgenstern removed to Switzerland for his health, marrying Margarete Gosebruch there in 1908, and from 1910 lived in the South Tirol. Morgenstern's serious poetry, written first under the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche, includes In Phantas Schloss (1895; In Phanta's Palace), in which cosmic, mythological, and philosophical concepts are playfully combined; Ich und die Welt (1898; I and the World); Ein Sommer (1900; One Summer), which was written in Norway and celebrates physical beauty; and Einkehr (1910; Introspection) and Wir fanden einen Pfad (1914; We Found a Path), poems written under the influence of Buddhism and the anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner. Morgenstern's international reputation came from his nonsense verse, in which he invented words, distorted meanings of common words by putting them into strange contexts, and dislocated sentence structure, but always with a rational, satiric point. Volumes of nonsense verse include Galgenlieder (1905; Gallows Songs); Palmstrm (1910), named for an absurd character; and three volumes published posthumously: Palma Kunkel (1916), Der Gingganz (1919), and Die Schallmhle (1928; The Noise Mill), all collected in Alle Galgenlieder (1932).