MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

building style that flourished in northern and central India under the patronage of the Mughal emperors from the mid-16th to the late 17th century. The Mughal period marked a striking revival of Islamic architecture in northern India. Under the patronage of the Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement. The tomb of the emperor Humayun (begun 1564) at Delhi inaugurated the new style, though it shows strong Persian influences. The first great period of building activity occurred under the emperor Akbar (reigned 15561605) at Agra and at the new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri, which was founded in 1569. The latter city's Great Mosque (1571; Jami' Masjid), with its monumental Victory Gate (Buland Darzawa), is one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period. The great fort at Agra (156574) and the tomb of Akbar at Sikandara, near Agra, are other notable structures dating from his reign. Most of these early Mughal buildings use arches only sparingly, relying instead on post and lintel construction. They are built of red sandstone or white marble. Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of emperor Shah Jahan (162858), its crowning achievement being the magnificent Taj Mahal (q.v.). This period is marked by a fresh emergence in India of Persian features that had been seen earlier in the tomb of Humayun. The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and parklike surroundings are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed. White marble was a favoured building material. After the Taj Mahal, the second major undertaking of Shah Jahan's reign was the palace-fortress at Delhi, begun in 1638. Among its notable buildings are the red-sandstone-pillared Divan-e 'Amm (Hall of Public Audience) and the so-called Divan-e Khass (Hall of Private Audience), which housed the famous Peacock Throne. Outside the citadel is the Great Mosque (165056; Jami' Masjid). The impressive mosque sits on a raised foundation and is approached by a majestic flight of steps, with an immense courtyard in front. The architectural monuments of Shah Jahan's successor, Aurangzeb (reigned 16581707), represent a distinct decline, though some notable mosques were built before the beginning of the 18th century. Subsequent works lost the balance and coherence characteristic of mature Mughal architecture.