MURILLO, BARTOLOM ESTEBAN

(baptized Jan. 1, 1618, Seville, Spaind. April 3, 1682, Seville), the most popular Baroque religious painter of 17th-century Spain, noted for his idealized, sometimes precious manner. Among his chief patrons were the religious orders, especially the Franciscans, and the confraternities in Seville and Andalusia. Among Murillo's earliest works is the Virgin of the Rosary (c. 1642; Archbishop's Palace, Seville). In the vestigial style of his artistically conservative Sevillian master, Juan del Castillo, this early work combines 16th-century Italian Mannerism and Flemish realism. The 11 paintings that originally hung in the small cloister of San Francisco in Sevillee.g., the Ecstasy of St. Diego of Alcal (1646; Louvre)are executed in the more contemporary naturalistic style of the Sevillian school, established by Velzquez and continued by Zurbarn. That series is characterized by realism and tenebrism (contrasting light and shade) and use of commonplace models, with an emphasis on genre or scenes of everyday life. In the 1650s a striking transformation of style occurred, usually attributed to a visit to Madrid, where Murillo undoubtedly met Velzquez and studied the works of Titian, Rubens, and Van Dyck in the royal collections. The softly modelled forms, rich colours, and broad brushwork of the 1652 Immaculate Conception (Seville) reflect direct visual contact with the art of the 16th-century Venetians and the Flemish Baroque painters. The St. Leandro and St. Isidoro (1655; sacristy of Seville Cathedral) are even further removed from the simple naturalism of his earlier Franciscan saints. These seated figures, more than life size, are in the grand manner of Baroque portraiture, which had become fashionable at the Spanish court. The Vision of St. Anthony (1656; Seville Cathedral), one of Murillo's most celebrated pictures, is an early example of his so-called vaporous style, which was derived from Venetian painting. In 1660 Murillo was one of the founders and first president of the Academy of Painting in Seville. During the two following decades he executed several important commissions, generally representing dramatized genre on a grand scale. From 1678 onward Murillo worked on another series of paintings, for the Hospicio de Venerables Sacerdotes in Seville, which included the celebrated Soult Immaculate Conception (1678; Louvre). Murillo's late style is exemplified by his unfinished works for the Capuchin church at Cdiz and the Two Trinities (popularly known as the Holy Family). The often mystical significance of his subjects is countered by the idealized reality of his figures based on familiar human archetypes, with natural gestures and tender, devout expressions, creating an effect of intimate rather than exalted religious sentiment. Murillo had many pupils and innumerable followers. His paintings were copied and imitated throughout Spain and its empire. He was the first Spanish painter to achieve widespread European fame, and until the 19th century he was the only Spanish artist whose works were extensively known outside the Hispanic world.