NAGELI, KARL WILHELM VON

born March 27, 1817, Kilchberg, Switz. died May 10, 1891, Munich Swiss botanist famous for his work on plant cells. Ngeli received his earliest training from the German nature-philosopher Lorenz Oken and later studied botany under Augustin Pyrame de Candolle at the University of Geneva. He continued his botanical studies under Matthias Jakob Schleiden at the University of Jena and began his teaching career as a professor at the universities of Zrich, Freiburg, and Munich. At the age of 25 he wrote a paper on pollen formation of seed and flowering plants and described cell division with great accuracy. He noted what he called transitory cytoblasts, which later were identified as chromosomes. He also witnessed cell division and investigated the process of osmosis in unicellular algae. In 1844 he discovered the antheridia (reproductive structures in which male sex cells develop) and the spermatozoids of the fern. Ngeli introduced into botany the concept of meristem, by which he meant a group of plant cells always capable of division. This led him to the first accurate account of apical cells (the initial point of longitudinal growth), which he erroneously believed to be the main site of meristematic growth in all plants. In 1858 he demonstrated the importance of the sequence of the cell divisions in determining the form of the plant parts. While studying different forms of starch, he formulated the hypothetical micella (unit of structure); this concept became the foundation for understanding the structure of starch grains. Ngeli and Hugo von Mohl, a German botanist, were the first to distinguish the plant cell wall from the inner contents, which von Mohl named protoplasm in 1846. Ngeli believed that cells received their hereditary characters from a certain part of the protoplasm, which he called idioplasma. He also demonstrated, by chemical analyses, the presence of nitrogenous matter in the protoplasm. Ngeli, a stubborn man who held tenaciously to such ideas as spontaneous generation, did not accept environmental factors acting on variations in species, believing instead that evolution occurred in jumps. He possibly anticipated the discovery of mutation. According to Ngeli, species variation was caused internally by an inherent force that drove evolutionary changes in a particular nonrandom direction, such as increased size. His beliefs led him to reject a paper sent him by the monk Gregor Mendel that, when rediscovered 40 years later, served as the source of the Mendelian laws of inheritance.