NINGSIA CARPET

floor covering woven in Hui Autonomous Region of Ningsia, China, characterized by a stylized pictorial design and subtle use of blue, red, and beige. Geometrical patterns are sometimes used. The heavy wool pile of the Ningsia is cut so that the design is in relief. The foundation weave is cotton. History The region south of the Huang Ho was incorporated into the Ch'in Empire in the 3rd century BC, at which time walls were built throughout the area. Irrigation canals on the Ningsia plains of the Huang Ho dating from the Ch'in (221206 BC), Han (206 BCAD 25), and T'ang (AD 618907) dynasties provide further evidence that the area has long been inhabited. In the 11th century the area became part of the kingdom of the Tangut people, Hsi Hsia, in western China. Yin-ch'uan was captured by Genghis Khan early in the 13th century and remained tributary to China. As Mongol power declined and Turkish-speaking Muslims migrated from oasis settlements to the west, Ningsia came increasingly under Islamic influence. The descendants of Muslim settlers maintained their separateness from Chinese society. In the mid-19th century Ningsia became embroiled in the general Muslim revolt in the northwest, and tension between Han and Hui continued well into the 20th century. After 1911 the region came under the control of Muslim warlords, and Ningsia, as part of the Muslim belt, became part of the political base of the Ma clan of Ho-chou. Wooed by the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)to which they declared nominal allegiancethe Japanese, and the Russians, the region remained an arena of conflict throughout the period between World Wars I and II. In 1914 the Ningsia area became a part of the province of Kansu, and in 1928 it was constituted as the province of Ningsia. During the Sino-Japanese War (193745) parts of Ningsia were incorporated into the Shen-Kan-Ning border region, where Communist authorities appealed for minority support by proclaiming their cultural and political rights. Although some Hui leaders joined the Communists and rose to positions of influence in the region, most Ningsia Hui supported the Ma clan. In the end, a Communist victory in Ningsia was won by the People's Liberation Army in battle with the armies of the Ma clan. From 1949 to 1954 the province was subject to the authority of the Northwest Military Administrative Committee. Ningsia was then made directly subordinate to the central government as part of Kansu. At the same time, autonomous Hui regions were established on the east and west bank sections of the Ningsia irrigated plain and in the foothills of the Liu-p'an Mountains. In 1958 these areas were combined to form the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningsia. In 1969 Ningsia reacquired the T'eng-ko-li Desert region from Inner Mongolia; the region then reverted to Inner Mongolia in 1979. Chiao-Min Hsieh Victor C. Falkenheim