NUCLIDE

also called nuclear species, species of atom as characterized by the number of protons, the number of neutrons, and the energy state of the nucleus. A nuclide is thus characterized by the mass number (A) and the atomic number (Z). To be regarded as distinct a nuclide must have an energy content sufficient for a measurable lifetime, usually more than 10-10 second. The term nuclide is not synonymous with isotope, which is any member of a set of nuclides having the same atomic number but differing mass number. Chlorine-37, the nucleus of which consists of 17 protons and 20 neutrons, is a different nuclide from sodium-23 (nucleus of 11 protons and 12 neutrons) or chlorine-35 (nucleus of 17 protons and 18 neutrons). Nuclear isomers, which have the same number of protons and neutrons but differ in energy content and radioactivity, are also distinct nuclides. Nuclides are commonly expressed in the form A/ZX, where A denotes the total number of protons and neutrons, Z represents the number of protons, and the difference between A and Z is the number of neutrons. Thus 37/17Cl signifies chlorine-37. Nuclides are associated with radioactive decay and may be stable or unstable species. About 1,700 nuclides are known, of which about 300 are stable and the rest radioactive. More than 200 of the stable nuclides were discovered by the British physicist Francis William Aston using his new invention of the mass spectrograph.