NUCLEUS

in physics, the core of an atom. See atom. in biology, a specialized structure occurring in most cells (except bacteria and blue-green algae) and separated from the rest of the cell by a double layer, the nuclear membrane. This membrane seems to be continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (a membranous network) of the cell and has pores, which probably permit the entrance of large molecules. The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information. Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus; they play an important part in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. The gellike matrix in which the nuclear components are suspended is the nucleoplasm. A cell normally contains only one nucleus; under some conditions, however, the nucleus divides but the cytoplasm does not. This produces a multinucleate cell (syncytium) such as occurs in skeletal muscle fibres. Some cellse.g., the human red blood celllose their nuclei upon maturation. See also cell.