OPIE, EUGENE LINDSAY

born July 5, 1873, Staunton, Va., U.S. died Mar. 12, 1971, Bryn Mawr, Pa. American pathologist who conducted important research on the causes, transmission, and diagnosis of tuberculosis and on immunization against the disease. Opie received his M.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1897, after which he took a position in the pathology laboratory there. During the five years he remained at Hopkins, he conducted postmortem examinations on patients with diabetes mellitus and correctly postulated that the degenerative changes in the pancreatic tissues known as the islands (or islets) of Langerhans which he had observed might be the cause of the disease. Opie also originated the theory that obstruction of the junction of the bile and pancreatic ducts is the cause of acute pancreatitis. His Diseases of the Pancreas (1902) was the standard text on the subject until the 1930s. Between 1904 and 1915 Opie was first a member of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research and then professor of pathology at Washington University (St. Louis) School of Medicine. In 1923, Opie became director of the Henry Phipps Institute for the Study of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. At the time, pathologists were not certain how tuberculosis was transmitted. Opie conducted a study which demonstrated that the disease was spread by contact and that it occurs in families, being spread from one member to another and from one generation to the next. He found that X-ray examinations could be used to detect asymptomatic tuberculosis and also that the sputum test could be used to predict the likelihood of tuberculosis transmission in a household. He also found that heat-killed tubercle bacilli could be injected to prevent infection. Opie also carried out significant work on pneumonia, trench fever, cancer, influenza, and diseases of the liver.