OUTER HEBRIDES

islands in Scotland, off the northwestern coast of the Scottish mainland. They constitute the Western Isles council area. Lewis, the northern part of the island of Lewis and Harris, lies in the historic county of Ross-shire in the historic region of Ross and Cromarty, while the remainder of the Outer Hebrides belong to the historic county of Inverness-shire. Stretching 130 miles (210 km) from Lewis in the north to the island of Barra Head in the south, the Outer Hebrides lie in a crescent about 40 miles (65 km) from the Scottish mainlandas their name suggests, farther away from the Scottish mainland than are the islands of the Inner Hebrides. The Outer Hebrides are separated from the Inner Hebrides by the Minch and Little Minch channels in the north and by the Sea of the Hebrides in the south. The largest island of the Outer Hebrides is Lewis and Harris, and the other large islands are North Uist, Benbecula, South Uist, and Barra. Several smaller islands surround the main islands, and about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of the main chain is the St. Kilda island group. Many of the smaller islands in the Outer Hebrides are uninhabited, and most of the population lives on Lewis and Harris. There was considerable depopulation of the islands in the 20th century, primarily because of the lack of economic opportunities. The islands are one of the few areas in Scotland where Scottish Gaelic is still spoken as the everyday language. The Outer Hebrides have been inhabited for at least 4,000 years, and prehistoric remains are numerous, including the fine megalithic stone circle at Callanish (Lewis). Equal in importance to Stonehenge, the Callanish megaliths are aligned to make a rough Celtic cross 405 feet (123 metres) north to south and 140 feet (43 metres) east to west. Several smaller stone circles in the area align with Callanish. By the first centuries AD the islands' inhabitants were speaking Gaelic, and they were Christianized following St. Columba's arrival in Scotland in the 6th century. The islands suffered from Norse raids beginning in the 8th century, and they came under Norwegian dominance from the 9th to the 12th century, when Somerled rebelled against the Norwegians and founded the lordship of the Isles. The Lords of the Isles maintained effective rule over the islands through the late Middle Ages, and the kingdom of Scotland did not establish control there until 1493, when the islands' history largely merges with that of the historic counties of which they became part. Wildlife is abundant in the Outer Hebrides. The more isolated islands contain large seabird populations, including gannets, fulmars, and puffins. Red deer inhabit the northern islands, a primitive wild sheep is native to the island of Soay, and the Atlantic gray seal inhabits many coastal areas. The vegetation of the islands consists mostly of grassland and tundralike herbage, with peat bogs frequently found in the poorly drained lowlands. The islands' barren and rock-strewn eastern coasts contrast sharply with the white sand beaches backed by grassy plains (the machair) found along the western coasts. Trees are few, and for the most part the scenery is open and austere. The harsh environment and scanty, poor soil limit cultivation to hardy fodder crops, potatoes, and a few vegetables. Crofting (tenant farming) is the traditional mainstay of the economy and is still widely practiced. The typical croft is just a few acres with a handful of sheep, a cow, and enough crops to supplement the diet and provide a small income. Peat is cut in the extensive moors of the islands' interior and is used to heat the crofters' homes. The islands are known for their high-quality Harris tweed, which is traditionally woven on handlooms by the crofters at home. Fishing is important, though it has declined since the heyday of herring fishing in the early 20th century. The islands also rely economically on tourism. Stornoway on Lewis is the chief town and the commercial and administrative centre of the islands. It has a good natural harbour and contains ship-repair facilities.