OXFORD MOVEMENT

19th-century movement centred at the University of Oxford that sought a renewal of catholic, or Roman Catholic, thought and practice within the Church of England in opposition to the Protestant tendencies of the church. An immediate cause of the movement was the change that took place in the relationship between the state and the established Church of England from 1828 to 1832. Laws that required members of municipal corporations and government-office holders to receive the Eucharist in the Church of England were repealed, and a law was passed that removed most of the restrictions formerly imposed on Roman Catholics. For a short time it seemed possible that the Church of England might be disestablished and that it might lose its endowments. Consequently, many loyal Anglicans wished to assert that the Church of England was not dependent on the state and that it gained its authority from the fact that it taught Christian truth and its bishops were in the apostolic succession ( i.e., able to trace their authority and office back in an unbroken line to the Apostles). The movement rapidly became involved in theological, pastoral, and devotional problems. Leaders of the movement were John Henry Newman (180190), a clergyman and subsequently a convert to Roman Catholicism and a cardinal; Richard Hurrell Froude (180336), a clergyman; John Keble (17921866), a clergyman and poet; and Edward Pusey (180082), a clergyman and professor at Oxford. The ideas of the movement were published in 90 Tracts for the Times (183341), 24 of which were written by Newman, who edited the entire series. The Tractarians asserted the doctrinal authority of the catholic church to be absolute, and by catholic they understood that which was faithful to the teaching of the early and undivided church. They believed the Church of England to be such a catholic church. Some of the movement's followers gradually moved closer to the beliefs of the Roman Catholic church, and controversies over the Tractarians' ideas developed. In 1845 Newman joined the Roman Catholic church, and, subsequently, several others also joined. Keble and Pusey remained active leaders of the movement, which gradually spread its influence throughout the Church of England. Some of the results were increased use of ceremony and ritual in church worship, the establishment of Anglican monastic communities for men and for women, and better-educated clergy who were more concerned with pastoral care of their church members.