PETER, HUGH

born 1598, Fowey, Cornwall, Eng. died Oct. 16, 1660, London Peter also spelled Peters English Independent minister, army preacher, and propagandist during the Civil War and Commonwealth. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was ordained a priest in the Anglican Church in 1623. He went to London in 1626 and was appointed preacher at St. Sepulchre's, but his unorthodox views led to the suspension of his preaching license in 1627. He was in Holland from 1628 to 1635; he returned to England and then sailed to Massachusetts, where he succeeded Roger Williams as preacher at Salem in December 1636. He played a leading part in the colony's affairs and helped in the founding of Connecticut. Peter returned to England in 1641 as an agent for Massachusetts, but after the Irish Insurrection (October 1641) he went to Ireland as chaplain to a company of adventurers under Alexander, Lord Forbes, which fought against the Irish rebels (June-September 1642). As chaplain to the New Model Army, Peter preached during the campaigns of 1645 and 1646. He accompanied Oliver Cromwell to Ireland in 1649 and was present at the fall of Wexford. Appointed chaplain to the Council of State (1650), he preached at Whitehall continually during the Commonwealth and Protectorate, but his protests against the Dutch War (1652-54) brought him a reprimand from Parliament. He also advocated reform of the universities, banking, and poor relief. During the later years of the Protectorate, his part in civil and military affairs was less prominent. At the Restoration in 1660 he was specially exempted from the Act of Indemnity and at his trial in October 1660 was found guilty of abetting the execution of Charles I. He was executed at Charing Cross. Peter's works included sermons, accounts of battles and sieges, and tracts on legal, economic, and social reforms. Additional reading Raymond Phineas Stearns, The Strenuous Puritan: Hugh Peter, 1598-1660 (1954).