PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

complex of processes, operations, and organizations engaged in development and manufacture of drugs and medications. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a drug or pharmaceutical preparation as any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold, offered for sale, or represented for use in . . . the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of disease, abnormal physical state or the symptoms thereof in man or animal; [and for use in] . . . restoring, correcting, or modifying organic functions in man or animal. The same organization defines a pharmaceutical specialty as "a simple or compound drug ready for use, and placed on the market under a special name or in a characteristic form." The modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 19th century with the discovery of highly active medicinal compounds that could most efficiently be manufactured on a large scale. As these compounds replaced herbal medicines of earlier times, the occurrence and severity of such diseases as pernicious anemia, rheumatic fever, typhoid fever, lobar pneumonia, poliomyelitis, syphilis, and tuberculosis were greatly reduced. Pharmaceutical industry research has greatly aided medical progress; of the 66 most valuable drugs introduced since aspirin in 1899, 57 were discovered and then produced in industrial laboratories. Additional reading Encyclopaedic coverage of every aspect of the chemical industry is provided by Herman F. Mark et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., 31 vol. (1978-84), formerly known as Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, with a 4th edition begun in 1991; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th, completely rev. ed., edited by Wolfgang Gerhartz et al. (1985- ); and Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, 4th ed., 12 vol. (1937-56). World Health Organization, Pharmacopoea Internationalis, 2nd ed. (1967, suppl. 1971); The British Pharmacopoeia (1968 and addenda); and The United States Pharmacopeia XVIII (1970), are useful mainly as reference works and for examples.Textbooks include L.M. Atherden, Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 8th ed. (1969), an excellent source for chemical formulas and synthetic methods of production; Alfred Burger (ed.), Medicinal Chemistry, 3rd ed., 2 vol. (1970), a comprehensive work that includes the historical development of the subject and synthetic routes for many drugs; E.P. Claus et al., Pharmacognosy, 6th ed. rev. (1971), with historical material and information on the production of crude drugs and of glandular extracts and purified hormones therefrom; Wyndham Davies, The Pharmaceutical Industry (1967), a study of the importance, scope, and economic aspects of the worldwide industry; Arthur Grollman and E.F. Grollman, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 7th ed. (1970), covering the therapeutic uses of drugs; H.E. Schultze and J.F. Heremans, "Analytical Methods in Protein Chemistry," in Molecular Biology of Human Proteins, ch. 2 (1966), giving more detail on human blood products; and Glenn Sonnedecker, Kremers and Urdang's History of Pharmacy, 3rd ed. (1963), a detailed treatment of the historical development of pharmacy and pharmaceuticals. Lewis Malcolm Atherden The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica