PHILIP II

born 382 BC died 336, Asia Minor byname Philip Of Macedon 18th king of Macedonia (359-336 BC), who restored internal peace to his country and then, by 339, had gained domination over all Greece by military and diplomatic means, thus laying the foundations for its expansion under his son Alexander III the Great. born Aug. 21, 1165, Paris, Fr. died July 14, 1223, Mantes byname Philip Augustus, French Philippe Auguste the first of the great Capetian kings of medieval France (reigned 1179-1223), who gradually reconquered the French territories held by the kings of England and also furthered the royal domains northward into Flanders and southward into Languedoc. He was a major figure in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land in 1191. born Jan. 17, 1342, Pontoise, France died April 27, 1404, Halle, Brabant byname Philip the Bold, French Philippe le Hardi duke of Burgundy (1363-1404) and the youngest son of the French king John II the Good. One of the most powerful men of his day in France, he was for a time regent for his nephew Charles VI; and when Charles went insane, he became virtual ruler of France. John II's grant of the duchy of Burgundy to Philip in September 1363 did not become effective until June 1364, when the new king, Philip's brother Charles V, confirmed it. Philip and Charles supported each other's policies. The duke's marriage (June 1369) to Margaret of Flanders was arranged by Charles to prevent her from marrying an English prince. In 1384, Philip and his wife inherited Flanders, Artois, Rethel, Nevers, Franche-Comt, and some lands in Champagne. By purchase and skillful alliance he also secured several holdings in the Netherlands. In 1386 his domains had become so extensive that he arranged separate administrations at Lille and Dijon for his northern and southern territories. During the minority of their nephew Charles VI, Philip and his brothers shared the government of France and the spoils of power. Philip did not hesitate to involve the government in the furtherance of his own aims, which, because of the location of his domain, were shaped by the necessity of friendly relations with Germany and England. In November 1388, Charles rejected the tutelage of his uncles; but, when Charles became insane in 1392, Philip regained his preeminence and imposed his own policies on the French government: an alliance with England (1396) and (in relation to the papal Western Schism) the withdrawal (1398) of support for the Avignon pope Benedict XIII, since Philip's Flemish subjects adhered to the Roman pope Boniface IX. He furthermore diverted huge sums from the royal treasury, thus coming into conflict with his chief rival for power, Charles VI's brother Louis, duke d'Orlans. Philip was a patron of the arts. He collected illuminated books and manuscripts, purchased jewelry and precious cloth, and encouraged painters. He fell heavily into debt, chiefly from financing his son John's crusade against the Ottoman Turks (1396). born , May 21, 1527, Valladolid, Spain died Sept. 13, 1598, El Escorial, Spain king of the Spaniards (1556-98) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 1580-98), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish Empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566) and lost the "Invincible Armada" in the attempted invasion of England (1588). Additional reading Concise outlines of the reign of Philip II can be found in The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6, ch. 9 (1929, reprinted 1968); and Brian Tierney and Sidney Painter, Western Europe in the Middle Ages, 300-1475, 4th ed., ch. 15 (1983). The relationship of Philip to Capetian policy and the development of the monarchy is explored by Robert Fawtier, The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy and Nation, 987-1328 (1960, reprinted 1982; originally published in French, 1942); and Ch. Petit-Dutaillis, The Feudal Monarchy in France and England: From the Tenth to the Thirteenth Century (1936, reprinted 1983; originally published in French, 1933). Additional reading The fullest account of Philip II's life was written in the early 17th century by his official court historian, L. Cabrera de Crdoba, Felipe Segundo, rey de Espaa, 4 vol. (1876-77). Cabrera was very well informed, especially about life and personalities at Philip's court. His work has proved indispensable to all later biographers. The best full-scale modern political biography is R.B. Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New, vol. 4 (1934). G. Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1959), is distinguished both by its impeccable scholarship and by the brilliance of its writing. An attempt to assess Philip II's aims and methods in the light of modern research is an article by H.G. Koenigsberger, "The Statecraft of Philip II," in European Studies Review, 1:1-21 (1971). Additional reading Paul Cloche, Un Fondateur d'Empire: Philippe II, roi de Macdoine (1955), a sound and readable survey; Fritz Geyer, "Philippos (7)," in Pauly-Wissowa Realencyclopdie, vol. 38, col. 2266-2303 (1938), an admirable work of reference; D.G. Hogarth, Philip and Alexander of Macedon (1897, reprinted 1971), still very good reading; A.D. Momigliano, Filippo il Macedone (1934), an interesting study, most illuminating for its insights into the political life and thought of contemporary Greece; F.R. Wust, Philipp II von Makedonien und Griechenland in den Jahren von 346 bis 338 (1938, reprinted 1973), an excellent analysis of Philip's later years. George Cawkwell, Philip of Macedon (1978), is a balanced, well-researched biography.