PIPPIN, HORACE

born Feb. 22, 1888, West Chester, Pa., U.S. died July 6, 1946, West Chester U.S. folk painter known for his primitivist depictions of black American life and on the horrors of war. Pippin's childhood was spent in Goshen, N.Y., a town that sometimes appears in his paintings. There he drew horses at the local racetrack and, to the despair of his school teachers, preferred drawing to writing. He was variously employed as an ironworker, junk dealer, and porter, until World War I, when he served in the infantry. He was wounded in 1918 and discharged with a partially paralyzed right arm and classified as unfit to work. He settled in West Chester and eventually began to paint by burning designs into wood panels with a red hot poker and then filling in the outlined areas with paint. His first large canvas was an eloquent protest against war, End of the War: Starting Home (193134), which was followed by other antiwar pictures, such as Shell Holes and Observation Balloon and the many versions of Holy Mountain. His most popular themes centred on the black American, such as his series entitled Cabin in the Cotton and his paintings of episodes in the life of the anti-slavery leader John Brown. After the art world discovered Pippin in 1937, these pictures particularly brought him wide acclaim as the greatest black painter of his time. Pippin also executed portraits and biblical subjects. His early works are characterized by their heavy impasto and restricted use of colour. His later works are more precisely painted in a bolder palette.