PISTACIA

genus of flowering plants, of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae), comprising nine species of aromatic trees and shrubs native to Eurasia, with one species in southwestern North America and another in the Canary Islands. The Chinese pistachio (P. chinensis) is a tall ornamental tree with scarlet fruits and colourful autumn foliage. The mastic tree (P. lentiscus) and turpentine tree, or terebinth (P. terebinthus), produce sweet-smelling gums used in medicine. Mastic also is used in liqueurs and varnishes. Commercial pistachio nuts are seeds from the fruit of P. vera. The nuts are extensively used as food and for yellowish-green colouring in confections. Grown in dry lands in warm or temperate climates, the tree is believed indigenous to Iran; it is widely cultivated from Afghanistan to the Mediterranean region and to a limited extent in California. The tree has wide-spreading branches but rarely exceeds 9 metres (30 feet) in height. Each leaf has one to five pairs of thick, wide, leathery, pinnate leaflets; its small fruits are borne in clusters. The trees are usually dioecious (bearing either male or female flowers) and are pollinated largely by wind. The white fruits are 1.5 to 2 centimetres (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long and tend to split at one side without discharging the nut, a greenish kernel enclosed in a thin, tightly adhering, reddish skin. The single, solid kernels have a pleasing mild resinous flavour. To ensure pollination and good yield, male trees are interplanted with female in a ratio of 1:5 or 1:6.