PITCHER PLANT

Pitcher plant (Nepenthes gracilis) any carnivorous plant with pitcher-shaped leaves. Old World pitcher plants are members of the family Nepenthaceae (order Nepenthales; q.v.). New World pitcher plants belong to the family Sarraceniaceae (q.v.; order Nepenthales). The fly-catcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis) of southwestern Australia is the only species of the family Cephalotaceae (order Saxifragales). Another pitcher plant is Dischidia rafflesiana, of the family Asclepiadaceae (q.v.). Pitcher plants are found in a wide range of habitats, from pine barrens to sandy coastal swamps. The name pitcher plant most commonly refers to members of the family Sarraceniaceae, especially the eight or nine species composing the genus Sarracenia, native to eastern North America. The other two genera in the family are the cobra plant (q.v.; Darlingtonia), native to northwestern North America, and Heliamphora, native to South America. Pitcher plants of the genus Sarracenia have unusual tubular leaves that are shaped like urns, trumpets, or small pitchers. Insects are attracted to the mouth of the pitcher by a trail of nectar-secreting glands that extend downward along the lip to the interior of the pitcher. The lip is covered with stiff, downward-pointing hairs that are not easy for an insect to climb upward on once it has partly descended to gather nectar. Just below the lip, in the steepest part of the pitcher's throat, is a very smooth area without hairs. Like a greased slide, this zone sends the insect tumbling down into the liquid pool at the bottom of the pitcher, where it quickly becomes submersed and drowns. The insect is then digested by an enzyme secreted within the leaf. The purple, or common, pitcher plant (S. purpurea) has heavily veined, green to reddish, flaring, juglike leaves that bear downward-pointing bristles. Its flowers are purple-red. The parrot's head pitcher plant (S. psittacina) has small, fat, red-veined leaves that are topped by beaklike lids. It bears dark red flowers. The sweet pitcher plant (S. rubra) produces dull red, violet-scented flowers. The crimson pitcher plant (S. leucophylla; S. drummondii of some authorities) has white, trumpet-shaped pitchers with ruffled, upright hoods and scarlet flowers. The yellow pitcher plant (S. flava), also known as trumpets, has bright yellow flowers and a long, green, trumpet-shaped leaf the lid of which is held upright. Different species of pitcher plants cross-fertilize easily, so that the number of species varies according to the authority consulted.