PLUM

fruit of the genus Prunus of the rose family (Rosaceae). Like the peach and cherry, it is a stone, or drupe, fruit. Trees of some plum species reach a height from 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 feet), while others are much smaller; some species are small shrubs with drooping branches. The flower buds on most varieties are borne on short spurs or along the terminal shoots of the main branches. Each bud may contain from one to five flowers, two or three being most common; where the buds are close together, they give an appearance of densely packed, showy flower clusters when the trees are in full bloom. The individual flower is made up of a receptacle forming a hollow cup bearing sepals, petals, and stamens on the outer rim, surrounding a single pistil attached at the bottom of the cup. After fertilization the receptacle and attachments fall off, and the style withers and drops off, leaving the enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the ovary, which develops into the fruit. As the fruit grows, the outer part of the ovary ripens into a fleshy, juicy exterior, making up the edible part of the fruit, and a hard interior, called the stone, or pit. The seed is enclosed within the stone. The fruits show a wide range of size, flavour, colour, and texture. The common European plum (Prunus domestica) probably originated in the region around the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. According to the earliest writings in which the plum is mentioned, the species is at least 2,000 years old. Another Old World plum species, probably of European or Asiatic origin, is the Damson plum (Prunus institia). Ancient writings connect early cultivation of these plums with the region around Damascus. It is not known when European plums were introduced into North America, but pits were probably brought over by the first colonists. In the United States and Europe the plum has long been recognized as one of the most delicious fruits. It is widely eaten fresh as a dessert fruit, cooked as compote or jam, or baked in a variety of pastries. Among the stone fruits, the plum ranks next to the peach in commercial production. Many varieties cultivated in the United States have been introduced from elsewhere; when these are added to the native varieties, they give plums the largest number of kinds and species among the stone fruits. Different varieties are adapted to a wide range of soils and climatic conditions. Plums respond to good soil-management practices. As trees come into bearing, they do not require much pruning and in the home fruit garden can be grown satisfactorily if diseases and pests are controlled. Plums are the most extensively distributed of the stone fruits. The fruit is grown over a wide region in Europe, from Italy on the south to Norway and Sweden on the north. Moldova, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, and Germany also are important producers of plums in Europe. A popular distilled liquor known as ljivovica is made from plums and constitutes an important article of commerce. Turkey and China are leading countries in plum production in Asia. Plum varieties that can be or have been dried without resulting in fermentation are called prunes. Such plums have firm flesh and contain a sufficiently high level of sugar, qualities that favour their being preserved by drying, which is done in dehydrators or in the sun. Dried prunes keep far longer than do fresh plums.