POLAND, FLAG OF

horizontally divided white-red national flag. It has a width-to-length ratio of 5 to 8. The first recorded use of the coat of arms of Poland, a white eagle on a red shield, dates from the 13th century. The reason for the choice of colours is not known, but it may simply have been a desire to make a clear contrast to the arms of the neighbouring Holy Roman Empire (a black eagle on a golden shield). The early flags of Poland were armorial: the arms were transformed directly into a banner by filling the field of the flag with the shield design. The same pattern was revived after World War I by many Polish nationalist organizations. The red flag with a white eagle was ultimately rejected, however, in favour of a simple horizontal bicolour of white over red adopted on August 1, 1919. The Polish state disappeared from 1939 to 1944 during the Nazi conquest of Europe, but communist-led forces, backed by the Soviet Red Army, returned the white-red flag to Poland. Nevertheless a change was made in the Polish coat of arms: the golden crown that had long appeared on the head of the eagle disappeared. Anticommunists insisted that the crown symbolized statehood and sovereignty, not monarchy, but the communists interpreted it as a representation of royal suzeraintywhich was politically anathemaand consequently the crown was not restored until the fall of the communist regime in 1990. The plain white-red bicolour of Poland was unaltered during the years of communist rule. For special purposesfor example, display on merchant vessels, by diplomatic officers, and at airportsthe coat of arms is added to the white stripe of the flag, but the state flag used by most government entities does not include the coat of arms. Whitney Smith