PULPIT

in Western church architecture, an elevated and enclosed platform from which the sermon is delivered during a service. Beginning in about the 9th century two desks called ambos were provided in Christian churchesone for reading from the Gospels, the other for reading from the Letters. The former, which became increasingly ornate, was the forerunner of the pulpit. By the 13th century what could be called modern pulpits were being installed in Italian churches. In a cruciform church, with the altar traditionally at the east end, the pulpit may be geographically located on the north side of the nave. Often it is erected against a pillar and sometimes upon a short, free-standing base or slender column. Usually hexagonal or octagonal in form, it is reached by a short flight of steps. There may be a tester, or canopy, above it, serving as a decorative sounding board. English pulpits often have two or three stories, with the lowest for a clerk, the middle one for a reading desk, and the third for the preaching of the sermon. There are also external, outdoor pulpits that are entered from within the church. Elevated desks in refectories, from which monks read during meals, are sometimes also called pulpits. Pulpits have been executed in every style and from every building material that was in vogue at the time of their execution, from elaborately carved stone to intricate forms in wrought iron. As Protestant sects developed and began to build their own churches, the pulpit became inseparable from the reading desk. It was centrally placed on a platform at the end of the church facing the congregation and was, in some cases, occupied by the minister throughout the service.