RAMSAY, ALLAN

born Oct. 15, 1686, Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scot. died Jan. 7, 1758, Edinburgh Scottish poet and literary antiquary who maintained national poetic traditions by writing Scots poetry and by preserving the work of earlier Scottish poets at a time when most Scottish writers had been Anglicized. He was admired by Robert Burns as a pioneer in the use of Scots in contemporary poetry. Ramsay settled in Edinburgh about 1700 and in 1701 became an apprentice wigmaker. Established in this respected craft, he married in 1712. In the same year, he helped found the Easy Club, a Jacobite literary society. His pen names, first Isaac Bickerstaff and later Gawin Douglas, suggest both Augustan English and medieval Scottish influences. He soon established a reputation as a prolific composer of verse in both English and Scots, much of it modeled on classical styles and traditional metrical patterns, sometimes uneasily adapted to suit contemporary Edinburgh Neoclassical taste. He made considerable use of Scots in humorous and satirical verse; and, by collecting and publishing poems by Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and other late medieval Scottish writers, Ramsay, though no scholarly respecter of texts, made certain of their survival and indirectly gave impetus to more accurate editing of Scottish poetry and song later in the century. In 1721 Ramsay published a subscriber's edition of his own poems, including several in mock-elegy style, and renderings in Scots of Horace's Odes; a second volume appeared in 1728. An original pastoral comedy, The Gentle Shepherd (1725), gained much of its effect from the use of Scots. The appearance of John Gay's Beggar's Opera (1728) encouraged him to turn it into a ballad opera (1729). The Tea-table Miscellany, 3 vol. (172437), The Ever Green, 2 vol. (1724), and Scots Proverbs (1737) make up the bulk of his collection of old Scottish songs, poems, and wise sayings. Fables and Tales (172230) includes versions of the fables of Jean de La Fontaine and Antoine Houdar de La Motte in Scots. After publication of the 1721 Poems, Ramsay changed from wigmaker to bookseller, and his shop became a meeting place for both townsmen and visitors. He founded Britain's first circulating library (1726); the Academy of St. Luke, for instruction in painting and drawing (1729); and a theatre (173639), eventually closed by extremists in the Church of Scotland presbytery, who found legal justification in the 1737 Licensing Act. He retired in 1740 but remained active until his death. born , Oct. 13, 1713, Edinburgh, Scot. died Aug. 10, 1784, Dover, Kent, Eng. Scottish-born painter, one of the foremost 18th-century British portraitists. The son of the poet and literary antiquary Allan Ramsay, he received rudimentary artistic training in Edinburgh and then went to London and worked with the Swedish portrait painter Hans Hysing (1734). His style was also influenced by Francesco Imperiali and Francesco Solimena during his studies in Italy in 173638. On settling in London in 1739 Ramsay soon became a popular portraitist, although he reached the height of his powers only after his return to London from his second visit to Italy (175457). Ramsay painted numerous portraits of distinguished personages in a style that anticipated Sir Joshua Reynolds' grand manner, but his more lasting reputation rests on his less formal and more intimate studies. His portraits of women are especially notable for the warmth, tenderness, and bloom of their presentation, as well as for the technical facility with which lace and ruffles are reproduced. The influence of French Rococo portraiture is clear in the lightness and unpretentious elegance of these works. In 1767 Ramsay was appointed painter to George III and executed little but royal images thenceforth. Most of this work, intended for government buildings, was done by assistants, and Ramsay devoted the rest of his life to political pamphleteering, classical studies, and conversation.