RICHMOND

town, southeastern Tasmania, Australia, situated on Coal River at the head of Pitt Water lagoon. In 1815 Tasmania's first flour mill was built in the area, and by 1823 a bridge (Australia's oldest existing bridge) was built across the river to provide access from Hobart (16 miles southwest) and to the east coast and Tasman Peninsula. Two years later, the government founded the town. Prospering from wheat farming during the 1830s, Richmond was declared a municipality in 1861, but it declined after 1872 when bypassed by causeways across Pitt Water. It remains a service centre for local sheep, dairy, and mixed farms. Richmond is a well-preserved historic town and a popular tourist attraction. Pop. (1986) 693. town (parish), Richmondshire district, administrative county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England, situated on the left bank of the River Swale where its dale (upland valley) opens into the plain. Richmond grew up in the shelter of a Norman castle (c. 1071), only the keep of which remains, and became the main military centre and market for a large part of northwestern Yorkshire. It is the hometown of the Catterick garrison, with its camp nearby on a Roman site, and prospers as the main tourist centre for the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It also has a restored 18th-century theatre. Pop. (1991) 7,862. port city, Contra Costa county, western California, U.S., on the northeastern shore of San Francisco Bay, connected to Marin county by the RichmondSan Rafael Bridge. The site of ancient Indian shell mounds, it became part of Rancho San Pablo settled by Don Francisco Castro in 1823. Ferry service was established to San Francisco in 1900 when Point Richmond became the western terminus of the Santa Fe Railroad. Deepwater harbour facilities encouraged development as an oil-refining centre, and wartime naval construction greatly stimulated growth (shipbuilding ceased in 1946). Diversified manufactures include petroleum, chemicals, auto parts, and aerospace components. Inc. 1905. Pop. (1990) 87,425. city, seat (1873) of Wayne county, east central Indiana, U.S., on the East Fork of Whitewater River, 68 mi (109 km) east of Indianapolis at the Ohio border. Settled in 1806 by migrating North Carolina Quakers, it was first called Smithville and in 1818 amalgamated with neighbouring Coxborough and incorporated as Richmond, a name supposedly indicative of the richness of local soil. Richmond has remained a centre of Quaker influence and organizations. The publications and general offices of the Friends United Meeting (Quakers) are located there, and group sessions are held regularly. The city is the seat of Earlham College (1847; Quaker-controlled) and Indiana University East (1975). An early manufacturing centre in a fertile area, Richmond is still important in agricultural marketing and processing. Industries include the manufacture of machinery, transportation equipment, and fabricated metals. An annual (June) rose festival reflects the city's large greenhouse rose-growing industry. Inc. city, 1840. Pop. (1990) 38,705. city, seat (1798) of Madison county, east central Kentucky, U.S., in the outer Bluegrass region, near the Cumberland foothills. The city, on the old Wilderness Road, 24 mi (39 km) south-southeast of Lexington, was settled in 1784 by Col. John Miller, who served at the Siege of Yorktown. Its name honours the Virginia city. Richmond was contested throughout the American Civil War and the state's first Confederate victory took place there on Aug. 2931, 1862, when Gen. Edmund Kirby-Smith's forces defeated the troops of the Union general William Nelson, capturing the city and forcing the enemy to retreat north. The courthouse (1849) was used as a hospital during the war. Richmond now is an agricultural trading and shipping centre for tobacco, livestock, and corn (maize), and has some light industry. It is the home of Eastern Kentucky University, founded in 1906. Natural Bridge State Park is nearby, to the east. White Hall State Shrine, 5 mi north, is the restored home (1799) of Cassius M. Clay, the Abolitionist. Pop. (1990) 21,155. Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, New York City. county (area 58 sq mi [48 sq km]), southeastern New York, U.S., coextensive with Staten Island borough, which comprises Staten Island (q.v.) and part or all of several smaller islands in New York Harbor. The borough is linked to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (see photograph). The first permanent settlement was made under Dutch authority in 1661 at Oude Dorp (Old Town). Three years later the British took control. Richmond County (named for Charles Lennox, 1st duke of Richmond and natural son of Charles II) was organized in 1683. city, capital of Virginia, U.S., seat (1752) of Henrico county, situated in the east-central part of the state at the head of navigation of the James River. Politically independent of the county, it is the centre of a metropolitan area including the rest of Henrico county and Chesterfield and Hanover counties. The English first explored the site in 1607, when a party led by Christopher Newport and John Smith sailed upriver shortly after the founding of Jamestown. A trading post was established (1637) by Thomas Stegg at the fall of the James, and in 1645 Fort Charles was built there. In 1733 William Byrd of Westover named the settlement for Richmond upon Thames, England, and the town was laid out four years later by surveyor Major William Mayo on a site that became known as Church Hill. Ruins of Richmond, Virginia, as seen from across the James River. The Virginia convention of 1774, forming a standing body of anti-British sentiment, met there. During the American Revolution Richmond replaced Williamsburg as the state capital (1779), and the town was pillaged by the British under Benedict Arnold in January 1781. Construction of the present capitol building, designed by Thomas Jefferson, began in 1785. In 1840 the city was linked to Lynchburg by the James River and Kanawha Canal, and by 1860 it was served by several railroads. Following the secession of Virginia (April 1861) at the outbreak of the American Civil War, the capital of the Confederacy was moved (July 1861) from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond. It thus became a major Union military target. In 1862 General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac approached the city but was driven away in the Seven Days' Battles (June 25July 1). It was not again seriously threatened until the siege of Richmond and Petersburg (June 1864). Finally, on April 3, 1865, General Ulysses S. Grant broke the Confederate defense and took the city; much of the business district was burned during its evacuation. Richmond recovered rapidly during the Reconstruction era, mainly because of its prosperous tobacco industry. Tobacco remains important economically; printing and publishing and the manufacture of chemicals, textiles, pharmaceuticals, metals, and wood and paper products are also significant. The University of Richmond (Baptist) was founded as Dunlora Academy in 1830; other educational institutions include Union Theological Seminary (1812), Virginia Union University (1865), Virginia Commonwealth University (formed in 1968 by the merger of Richmond Professional Institute and Medical College of Virginia ), and J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College (1972). Among its historic buildings are St. John's Church (1741), where patriot Patrick Henry delivered his Liberty or Death address in 1775; the home (1790) of Chief Justice John Marshall; the White House of the Confederacy (1818; now a museum); Robert E. Lee House (1844); Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Poe edited the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond from 1835 to 1837); Valentine Museum (1812; depicting Richmond's history); and Battle Abbey of the Virginia Historical Society (1913). The nearby Richmond National Battlefield Park (established 1936) commemorates seven Civil War battles that were fought in and around the city in 186265. The park comprises 10 units spread out within the city and across three surrounding counties. Many notable Southerners, including U.S. presidents John Tyler and James Monroe and Confederate president Jefferson Davis, as well as 18,000 Confederate soldiers, are buried in the city's Hollywood Cemetery. The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (1934) was America's first state-supported art museum. Inc. city, 1782. Pop. (1990) city, 203,056; Richmond-Petersburg MSA, 865,640; (1998 est.) city, 194,173; (1996 est.) Richmond-Petersburg MSA, 935,174. town, part of Richmond-Windsor urban area, east-central New South Wales, Australia, on the Hawkesbury River. It is situated on a hill, was named in 1789 after the Duke of Richmond by Governor Arthur Phillip, and was chosen in 1810 for settlement by Governor Lachlan Macquarie as safe from flood damage. Proclaimed a municipality in 1872, Richmond has since become a suburb of Sydney (35 miles southeast). Fertile riverine flats surrounding the town yield vegetables, corn (maize), turf, and dairy products, much of which is processed in Richmond. Hawkesbury Agricultural College (founded 1888) and a Royal Australian Air Force airfield are nearby. Pop. (1986) including Windsor, 17,088.