RINGS

also called Still Rings, or Stationary Rings, gymnastic apparatus consisting of two small circles that are suspended by straps from an overhead support and grasped by the gymnast while he performs various exercises. The rings were invented in the early 19th century by the German Friedrich Jahn, known as the father of gymnastics. They require the most strength of any gymnastic event, although since the 1960s the trend in competition, for men only, has been toward a style of performance that emphasizes swinging, somewhat diminishing the demand of strength. The rings have been part of the gymnastics program in the Olympic Games since its modern revival in 1896. Dimensions of the rings The rings (see illustration) are made of wood or of metal and are 28 millimetres (1.1 inch) in thickness and with 18 centimetres (7.1 inches) inside diameter. They are suspended by straps mounted 5.5 metres (18 feet) above the floor with the rings themselves hanging 2.5 m (8.2 feet) above the floor and 50 cm (19.7 inches) apart. Competitive exercise on the rings must be performed with the rings in a stationary position (without swinging or pendulum movement of the rings). It combines swinging movements of the body, strength, and holding of positions. There must be at least two handstands in an exercise, one attained by strength and the other utilizing swing. Typical strength movements on the rings include the cross, or iron cross (holding the body vertical with the arms fully stretched sideways), and the lever (hanging with straight arms with the body stretched out horizontally).