RIPLEY, GEORGE

born Oct. 3, 1802, Greenfield, Mass., U.S. died July 4, 1880, New York, N.Y. journalist and reformer whose life, for half a century, mirrored the main currents of American thought. He was the leading promoter and director of Brook Farm (q.v.), the celebrated utopian community at West Roxbury, Mass., and a spokesman for the utopian socialist ideas of the French social reformer Charles Fourier. Ripley became literary critic for the New York Tribune, and his articles and reviews were widely syndicated. He was an arbiter of taste and culture for much of the reading public. Ripley was reared as an orthodox Congregationalist, but he entered the Unitarian ministry after graduating from Harvard Divinity School in 1826. While pastor of Boston's Purchase Street Church, he was a member of the Transcendentalists' Club and an editor of The Dial, the prototypal little magazine. In 1841 Ripley left the pulpit to found the Brook Farm community. For the next six years he directed Brook Farm and promoted Fourier's ideas. Brook Farm survived until 1847, when financial setbacks forced it to close. Ripley was himself in dire financial straits but determined to pay off the remaining Brook Farm debts; he took a job with Horace Greeley's New York Tribune as book reviewer, city news writer, and translator of foreign news dispatches. His financial position remained precarious until the publication of The Cyclopedia (1862), a widely acclaimed reference book that he coedited. As a literary critic Ripley was cautious, scholarly, and courteous; he was commonly judged the ablest critic of his day. He wrote one of the few popular reviews of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Ripley's popular success lay in his ability to reflect the values, aspirations, and tastes of the educated Americans of the age.